Indian subcontinent is a wide section of the continent of Asia comprising mainly of the countries lying significantly on the Tectonic Plateau of India. The literal meaning of the term subcontinent implies "having a certain geographical or political independence" from the rest of the continent. In that case Indian subcontinent is exclusive and unique both in its origin, climatic variation and geographical location. Indian subcontinent was being called by various names in different periods. It was recognized, as Hindustan in medieval times; "British India" or simply "India," was the name given during the period of British imperialism.

The geography of India subcontinent is varied, with landscape ranging from snowy peaks to `plains, deserts, rainforests, hills, and plateaus`. Three water bodies surround the subcontinent and these are namely the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. The lush Indo-Gangetic Plain comprises most of the region of North, central and east India and the Deccan Plateau covers most of the areas of southern India. To the west of the country is the Thar Desert, with its unique climatic conditions and beauty. The high Himalayan range of India borders the east and northeastern borders of India. The highest point in undisputed Indian Territory is Kangchenjunga, at 8,598 m (28,209 ft). Climate ranges from equatorial in the far south, to Alpine in the upper reaches of the Himalayas.

To enhance the political viability and for the smooth running of the Government, India has got 28 states, and seven union territories. These political variances normally follow lingual and cultural traits rather than geographical change over. Diversified topography and huge geographical locations contributes to Indian climate so specific and wide -ranging. Indian subcontinent is a part of `Köppen` system constituting six key climatic subtypes. It ranges from parched desert in the west, to highland `tundra` and `glaciers` in the north, to moisture laden `tropical` areas consisting of rainforests in the southwest and the island districts. Many regions have basically different microclimates. The nation has four seasons: winter (January and February), summer (March to May), a monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a post-monsoon period (October to December). India`s lowest recorded temperature reading was -45 °C (-49 °F) in Dras, Ladakh, in eastern Jammu and Kashmir. The highest temperature reading was 50.6 °C (123 °F) in Alwar, Rajasthan in 1955. This reading was also marked at Pachpadra in Rajasthan. The average annual rainfall of 11,871 millimetres is found in the village of Mawsynram, in state of Meghalaya, thereby making it the place of the maximum precipitation not only in India and possibly in the arena of the whole world.

Indian subcontinent is so rich and exuberant in the geographical and climatic orientations, thus creating the entity of India as a whole, full of variations and dynamism.

Doab
The Doab designates the flat alluvial tract between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in western and southwestern Uttar Pradesh state, extending from the Shivalik Range to the rivers` confluence at Allahabad. This well-irrigated region is the greatest wheat growing area of the state.The Doab has an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km). It lies between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.