Introduction

Mumbai, in the state of Maharashtra that holds a history of magnificent and ancient monuments that includes the Gateway of India, Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Ellora Caves and so on. The monuments present here are famous worldwide. Different kinds of architecture and art can be spotted in the monuments of Mumbai as it witnessed different dynasties of various eras. The Gateway of India happens to be the most popular monument of Maharashtra. It is also known as the starting point for tourists who visit Mumbai.

Maharasthra holds a greater significance of the historic monuments mostly since the era of British rule and Maratha Emperors. As Emperor Shivaji stands as a synonym of Maharashtra history, many forts are associated with him. Some are built by him and some are conquered in battle. There are also places in Mumbai that are associated with the struggle of independence which are remarkable.

Gateway of India

The city of Mumbai abounds in a number of historical monuments. These monuments form important landmarks of the city and are a legacy of the Mumbai`s rich historical past. By far the most famous of all monuments in Mumbai is the Gateway of India. It stands at Apollo Bunder, overlooking the Arabian Sea. This symbolic national landmark, the Marble Arch of India, was designed by George Wittet to commemorate the visit of George V and Queen Mary, en route to the Delhi Durbar of December 1911. In 1948 it was the point of exit for the 1st Battalion Somerset Light Infantry, the last British regiment to leave India.

It has been built in the Indo-Saracenic architectural style and is the signature monument of Mumbai. The Gateway of India has been modelled on 16th-century Gujarati work and constructed in honey-coloured basalt, with side chambers and halls to accommodate civic receptions. It stands tall with four turrets and intricate latticework carved into the basalt stone. In recent years the surrounding area has been landscaped as part of a welcome civic improvement scheme. In the gardens stands an equestrian statue of Chatrapati Shivaji, erected in 1961.

Taj Mahal Palace and Tower

Another major historical landmark of Mumbai is the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower. It is a monument in its own right, powerful and with an atmosphere of self-assured Edwardian solidity. It was built by the millionaire industrialist J. N. Tata and it still retains its social cachet. It is best viewed from out at sea; its prominent red dome, belvedere and curved corner towers, capped by Moorish domes, form a metropolitan landmark. The Taj Mahal hotel is often touted as one of the great hotels of the East.

Prince of Wales Museum

The Prince of Wales Museum is yet another major monument of Mumbai. The Museum, designed by George Wittet and commenced in 1905, is dominated by a huge tiled concrete dome and, at present, comprises two out of the three planned ranges disposed around a central courtyard. The central range (1914) and one wing (1937) are complete. This vast complex, based on local Gujarati architecture of the 15th and 16th centuries and built in local stone, is typical of Wittet`s accomplished Indo-Saracenic architecture. A bronze statue of George V stands outside. An equestrian statue of Edward VII, by Boehm, presented by Sir Albert Sassoon, stands on the other frontage.

There are three main sections in the museum - Art, Archaeology and Natural History. The Art section contains an excellent collection of arms, the Sir Ratan Tata bequest of pictures, including works by Lawrence, Gainsborough, Poussin and Titian, and fine examples of Indian silver and brass, jade and tapestries. The Archaeological exhibition has three main sections: Brahmanical, Jain, Prehistoric and Foreign collections; and Buddhist. The Natural History section is based on the collections of the Mumbai Natural History Society, founded in 1833. The Prince of Wales Museum is regarded as one of the finest and best museums in the country.

Victoria and Albert Museum

The Victoria and Albert Museum was founded by Sir George Birdwood and designed in 1862 by William Tracey. It is a two-storey range in a Palladian style, unusual in Mumbai, where Gothic usually prevailed. The foundation stone was laid by Sir Bartle Frere and, when opened nine years later, it was eulogized as `one of the greatest boons which England could have conferred on India`. The Museum houses an interesting collection depicting the history of Mumbai.

In front of the Museum is an Italianate Clocktower built in 1865, the gift of David Sassoon to the designs of Scott, McClelland & Co. It is built in Porbandar stone with panels of Minton tiles and dressings of Blashfield`s terracotta from Lincolnshire. The four faces portray morning, evening, noon and night. At the base is a drinking-fountain.

University Library

The University Library and Rajabai Clocktower were constructed to designs sent by Sir George Gilbert Scott from England. Built between 1869 and 1878, it is one of his best schemes, a sophisticated amalgam of 14th-century French and Italian Gothic. The library comprises a two-storey structure with arcaded galleries, pierced parapets and delicately carved stonework. In each corner are open spiral staircases rising full height, capped by stone spires. The cool interior is lit by traceried windows filled with stained glass.

Rajabai Tower

The colossal Rajabai Tower is based on Giotto`s campanile in Florence. . It takes its name from the mother of its benefactor, Mr Premchand Roychand. Around the octagonal lantern are sculpted figures 8 feet high which represent the castes of western India. Above these, forming crocketed finials, arc another set of figures, twenty-four in all, modelled by the Assistant Engineer, Rao Bahadur Makund Ramchendra. Under the clock dials on each face are four small machicolated balconies. From the top of the tower a magnificent view of the city can be obtained, but access is not always possible. However the clock chimes can hardly be held now.

Great Western Hotel

The Great Western Hotel is a late 18th century house. Originally occupied by Governor Hornby between 1771 and 1784, it later became Admiralty House and the High Court before it was converted into the Hotel. The core of the building is original but the veranda has been demolished.

Council Hall

The Council Hall is an imposing structure built by the outstanding architect of Victorian Mumbai, F. W. Stevens, under the supervision of General James Augustus Fuller. Commenced in 1870 and completed in 1876, it superseded earlier designs for a cast-iron structure by the English architect J. Macvicar Anderson. It is a large Indo-Gothic structure, 270 ft long, with two wings and a central entrance hall and staircase faced in blue basalt with dressings of Porbandar, Coorla and Hemnager stone. The sculpture on the front gable by Bolton of Cheltenham depicts Neptune with nymphs and seahorses. Full details of its construction can be found on a memorial tablet in the Hall. In 1928 the home was taken over by the government and a new Council Chamber for the Mumbai Legislature was added at the rear.

The Town Hall

The Town Hall is the finest neo-classical building in India, a sophisticated, assured essay in the Greek revival style. It was designed by Colonel Thomas Cowper and completed after his death in 1825 by others, mainly Charles Waddington, although a certain Augustine of Portuguese origin is reputed to have played an important subordinate role. The facade is raised high on an arcaded basement approached by a massive flight of steps. Projecting jhilmils or window hoods are part of the original design and demonstrate the successful adaptation of Greek Doric architecture to an Indian context. Greek palmettes are seen on the pelmets to the jhilmils. The Doric columns were shipped from England but were considered so monumental on arrival that the original idea of paired columns was dropped, the leftovers being diverted for use at Christ Church, Bycullah, which was under construction at the time.

Close to the Town Hall is the Mint. It was built by Major John Hawkins on the Fort Rubbish dump between 1824 and 1829. It is a restrained, rectangular building with an Ionic portico.

Secretariat Building

The former Secretariat of the government of Mumbai was designed in 1874 by Captain Henry St Clair Wilkins in Venetian Gothic style. It is 470 ft long, with wings terminated by three sides of an octagon. The facade is made up of arcaded verandas enriched with structural polychromy, with a central axis accentuated by a huge gable which breaks forward beneath the 170 feet tower. The gable, carrying the great staircase window in a single 90 feet arch, is the central feature of the composition. It is faced in buff-coloured Porbandar stone, enriched with blue and red basalt and details carved by native artists in white Hemnagar stone.

University Convocation Hall

The University Convocation Hall was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1874.It has been built in the Decorated French style of the fifteenth century. It was financed by the great Parsee benefactor Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Readymoney, to whom there is dedicated statue by Thomas Woolner in the Gardens. The south end is apsidal and separated from the body of the hall by a grand arch. A handsome carved timber gallery carried on enriched cast-iron brackets encloses three sides. Open spiral staircases, recalling those of the great French chateaux at Blois and Chambord, provide external access to the side verandas.

Mumbai High court

The Mumbai High court is another tropical English Gothic construction. It was designed and built by Colonel James Augustus Fuller, `the leading constructional engineer of his day`. This enormous pile is 562 ft long and 195 ft wide, dominated by a large central tower 186 ft high, on cither side of which arc lower octagonal spire-capped towers crowned by figures of Justice and Mercy. These contain private staircases for judges, the main staircase on the eastern side being approached by a groin-vaulted corridor in Porbandar stone with a floor of Minton tiles. The gaunt exterior is roughly dressed in blue basalt enriched with dressings of stucco, Porbandar, Coorla and Sewri stones, surmounted by steeply pitched roofs clad in Taylor`s patent red tiles.

Public Works Office

The Public Works Office is another magnificent essay in Venetian Gothic, by Colonel Henry St Clair Wilkins. It is similar in conception to the Secretariat but with a curious centrepiece, a deep staircase tower with twin pyramidal roofs. The wings are terminated by end bays with arcaded stories enriched with structural polychromy, but much of its impact is now reduced by the mature trees on the forecourt.

General Post Office

The old General Post Office (1869-72), now called the Telegraph Office, was designed by James Trubshawe in mediaeval Italian style with wide bracketed eaves. The building stands opposite the Public Works Office, with its main facade to Vir Nariman Road It is punctuated by two towers with steeply pitched roofs, between which projects a cavernous porte-cochere. The upper part was once used as an outdoor dining-room for clerks. Unsightly modern aerials impair the roofline.

Adjacent to the north is the original Telegraph Office, built like the Post Office under the supervision of Colonel James Augustus Fuller, but designed entirely by W. Paris, who had collaborated with Trubshawe on the design of the Post Office. Both buildings are faced in honey-coloured sandstone from Coorla, with columns and dressings of blue basalt.

Elphinstone or <b>Horniman Circle

Elphinstone or Horniman Circle lies on the site of Bombay Green and was laid out from about 1860 under the instructions of Charles Forjett, the Municipal Commissioner, to a scheme prepared by George Clerk, predecessor of Sir Bartle Frere. The buildings were designed with unified Italian facades enriched with cast-ironwork from England. On the western edge of the Circle by Vir Nariman Road is Elphinstone Buildings (1870), a splendid Venetian Gothic palazzo in warm-brown sandstone with interlacing arches and arcaded storeys, one of the most accomplished Victorian Gothic buildings in Bombay. The central gardens, enclosed with Victorian iron railings, provide a pleasant resting-place.

Custom House

The Custom House is an ancient structure, parts of which may incorporate a Portuguese barrack block of 1665. Over the entrance portico are the arms of the East India Company and the inscription `Hon. W. Ainslabie, 1714`. Vestiges of the original Portuguese fortifications survive, including, incredibly, parts of the original Manor House (c. 1560), built by Garcia da Orta. These are embedded in the old Arsenal or Pattern Room. Nearby are a sundial and coat of arms of similar age. Over the gate in the bastion wall is a cartouche of Portuguese soldiers. Fragments of the old Fort walls can be discerned, but the most complete stretch lies within the restricted Naval Dockyard complex.

Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus

The Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus or Victoria Terminus is one of the oldest and finest Victorian Gothic buildings in India. It was designed by F. W. Stevens in a riot of polychromatic stone, decorative ironwork, marble and tile. The frontage is symmetrical, with projecting wings and a colossal dome, `the first applied to a Gothic building on scientific principles`. Beneath the dome is a majestic staircase. The booking-hall is arcaded and ornamented in High Victorian Gothic style, with stained glass, glazed tile and stencilled patterns. It is a highly original work, inspired by Gilbert Scott`s St Pancreas Station but wholly different in conception. The dome is crowned by a huge statue of Progress, 14 ft high, executed by Thomas Earp, who designed the stone medallions of Imperial figures which enrich the facade, as well as the Imperial lion and Indian tiger which crown the monumental gate piers. Most of the architectural ornament was carved locally by the Mumbai School of Art.

Municipal Buildings

The Municipal Buildings were also designed by F. W. Stevens in 1893. This colossal edifice has a 255 ft high tower, capped by a bulbous dome, an ebullient expression of Indo-Saracenic architecture symbolizing Victorian civic and imperial pride. The statue crowning the gable is `Urbs Pritna in Indis.` It is a fine building by the most accomplished practitioner of Indo-Gothic architecture. The statue outside is of Sir Ferozeshah Mehta, by Derwent Wood.

Government House (Raj Bhavan)

Government House (Raj Bhavan) stands in a large private compound at the summit of the hill. The house has a rustic character, with a pitched roof and timber verandahs. It was enlarged by Mountstuart Elphinstone in 1819 and again in 1828, by Sir John Malcolm. The dining-hall, billiard room, porch and verandah were added in 1868. Since 1885 it has been the Governor`s official residence by Noble, which once stood at the junction of Mayo Road and the Esplanade, and a splendid bracketed cast-iron lamp column and drinking-fountain formerly on the Esplanade.

The adjacent entrance to Victoria Gardens (14 hectares: 34 acres) is through a classical screen enriched with medallions of the then Prince and Princess of Wales by James Forsyth. The capitals are copied from the Temple of Jupiter Status in Rome.

Within the gardens are a statue of Prince Albert, by Noble, and a rotunda with a bust of Lady Frere designed by Tracey and modelled on the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens.

Fort House

Fort House, now Handloom House, was once the mid-19th-century residence of the great Parsee Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, and nearby lies his eponymous Institute (1871), built in a Gothic style.

Flora fountain

The Flora fountain is situated in the heart of South Mumbai. It was built in 1864. It has been sculpted in imported Portland stone and depicts the Roman Goddess Flora. The fountain stands exactly at the point where the original Church Gate of Bombay Fort stood.

Haji Ali Dargah

One of the prime religious monuments of Mumbai is the Haji Ali Dargah. The Dargah was built in 1431 by Haji Ali, a rich Muslim merchant who gave up all worldly pleasures before going on a pilgrimage to Mecca. It is situated 500 yards from the shoreline in the centre of Worli Bay. This dargah was built in the ocean and joined to the mainland by means of a narrow pathway. This pathway is more than 1312 feet in length and can be walked on only during a period of low tide. Constructed as a fine example of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture, the dargah features a single minaret and a beautiful marble courtyard. The central shrine is placed in the courtyard. The tomb is always covered by a brocaded red and green sheet supported by a delicate silver frame. There are marble pillars within the hall which are adorned with mirrors with multiple hues.

Jama Masjid

There are a number of mosques by the name of Jama Masjid in India, and one such mosque is also found in Mumbai. The original Jama Masjid in Mumbai was located at Dongri and later moved to Esplanade. The mosque was demolished under the orders of Governor William Hornby in 1770. Again a re-construction o0f the mosque was started and the Jama Masjid see today was built in 1775.The work on it was finally completed in 1802, while the upper storey was added in 1837. A quadrangular pile of brick and stone comprises the mosque. It is surrounded by a ring of terraced double- storied buildings. There is and ancient tank here, reached from the Eastern gate, filled with about 10 feet of water. Sixteen black stone arches arise from the centre of the tank, and it is on these arches that the entire mosque is supported.

Mahalakshmi temple

The Mahalakshmi temple is situated on the northern side of the Malabar Hills in Mumbai. The chief deity here is that of Goddess Lakshmi and hence the name Mahalakshmi. There are three deities enshrined in the temple- Mahalakshmi, Mahasaraswati and Mahakali. The temple was built in 1785.The images of all three deities are beautifully adorned with gold bangles, pearl necklaces and nose rings. The chief deity of Mahalakshmi can be seen riding a tiger and the demon Mahishasur in tandem. Of great importance here is the festival of Navaratri which is celebrated with great festivity in the temple.

Siddhivinayak temple

The Siddhivinayak Temple is a hindu temple of Lord Ganesha. It is situated at Prabhadevi in Mumbai. It is one of the richest Indian temple. The temple has evolved from a tiny place of worship to this grand what it is at present. The temple has one small mandap with the shrine of Lord Ganesha also known as Siddhi Vinayak. The doors of the sanctum are made of wood and carved with images of the eight manifestations of Lord Ganesha also known as Ashtavinayaka. Inner roof of the sanctum has been plated with gold and the statue of Lord Ganesha is at the center. In the periphery, there is also a Hanuman Temple.

Walukehwar temple

The Walukehwar temple is among one of Mumbai`s ancient Hindu sites. Dedicated to Walukeshwar or Sand-Lord, the temple is situated towards the end of Malabar Hill. The original temple was built in 1050 AD by the Silahara dynasty of Konkan.It is said to contain a lingam brought by Lord Lakshman from Varanasi and a sand lingam crafted by Lord Rama. The Portuguese had destroyed the original temple and the one we see today was re-built in 1715.The Banganga tank found here is believed to be filled by a spring that was created from an arrow shot forth from the bow of Lord Rama himself.

Babulnath Temple

Near the steps leading to the towers is the distinctive profile of the Babulnath Temple. Located at an altitude of 100 feet above sea level, this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva who is found here in the form of the Babul tree. The temple was built in 1780, and later a tall spire was added to it in 1900. It is a spacious and grand temple where devotees flock in hordes to offer their prayers.

Jain temple

The Jain temple of Mumbai is located on Malabar Hill. It houses a black marble shrine and the ceiling is decorated with the celestial personifications of the various planets. There are a number of frescoes found here which depict the life of the twenty-four Trithankaras.

Churches

A number of churches are also to be found here dating back to the time of colonial rule in Mumbai. For instance, the Afghan Memorial Church of St John the Baptist was designed by the town engineer Henry Conybeare and completed by Captain Tremcheere. The bell chamber and modified steeple were designed by Lieutenant James Augustus Fuller. The Church is important as it was the first in India to be designed using the new principles of Gothic architecture. It is Early English in style with a tall tower and spire, 189 ft high, which form a landmark from a considerable distance at sea. The walls are made of rubble faced in buff-coloured basalt from Coorla, with Porbandar stone piers, arches and dressings. Internally, the narrow lancet windows have some of the finest stained glass made by William Wailes; in particular, the great west window, the central panel of which depicts the Crucifixion and Jesus Christ seated in majesty. At the west end of the north aisle is a triple window of stained glass to General David Barr. In the west end of the south aisle is a fine Holditch organ. The chancel is paved with English encaustic tiles and between the lancet windows are the memorial marbles to the fallen of the Sind Campaigns and First Afghan War, 1835-43, in white, red, yellow and blue stone. The ornamental illuminated screen is a later addition, designed by William Butter-field. Many of the fittings were made by the Bombay School of Art.

The Mount Mary Church, also known as the Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount happens to be a Roman Catholic Basillica situated at Bandra in Mumbai. The feast of Blessed Virgin Mary is celebrated on the first Sunday after 8th September which is the birthday of Virgin Mary. The feast is continued with a week-long celebration known as the Bandra Fair.

The new Roman Catholic Church of the Holy name and the official residence of the Roman Catholic archbishop of Mumbai are also to be found among the monuments of Mumbai, located right behind the majestic hotel.

The St. Andrew`s Kirk is a simple neo-classical church in the manner of James Gibbs. The steeple was demolished by lightning in 1826 and rebuilt a year later by John Caldecott, FRS, Astronomer of Trivandrum University. The Church was constructed in 1819.

The construction of the St Thomas Cathedral was started in 1672 by Gerald Aungier and it opened in 1718. In 1833 the old belfry was replaced by the present tower. The interior is capacious, with a simple plan and plain Tuscan detail. The chancel (1865), by James Trubshawe, is a curious remnant of a much larger reconstruction scheme which failed with the financial collapse of 1865. The principal interest of the cathedral lies in its splendid heritage of monuments. The best is Bacon`s monument to Governor Jonathan Duncan, depicting him receiving the blessings of Hindus, commemorating his energetic suppression of infanticide in Varanasi and Kathiawar through his agent Colonel Walker. Duncan is buried under a pavement in the nave.

The monument to Katharine Kirkpatrick (1766), mother of Major-General William Kirkpatrick and Major James Achilles Kirkpatrick, who as Residents at Hyderabad established English supremacy in central India, is a fine marble medallion by Bacon. Note the eloquent inscription.

The Christ Church at Byculla was built in 1835.It has a Greek Doric portico using spare columns imported for use on the Town Hall. The stained-glass window (1870) commemorates Mr Spencer Compton. A fine monument to Sir Robert Grant and other tombs and brasses of interest can be seen.

The foundation of the All Saints` Church this church was laid by Lady Ferguson, the wife of Sir James Ferguson, the Governor of Mumbai. This Church became a permanent place of worship for the governors of Mumbai since 1881 as Malabar Hill turned to be their place of residence. The church has been designed in modern style by Major Mant of the Royal engineers. The walls have been constructed with what is possibly Porbander or Coorla stone and the roof is tiled with Mangalore tiles. It is a tall building 64 feet high, with a semi-circular chancel of about 16 feet in diameter and a ten feet square vestry. The Church was created as a separate ecclesiastical parish only in 1957.

Five Parsee Towers of Silence

The famous Five Parsee Towers of Silence, where the Parsees lay out their dead, are surrounded by gardens designed to foster contemplation and spiritual repose. The veneration of the elements of fire, water and earth dictate a unique form of disposal of the dead by their exposure to vultures and other birds of prey. The outer enclosure may be visited, but permission is required to proceed further. These towers of silence have virtually disappeared today, and only a handful continues to exist.

Asiatic Society Library

The Asiatic Society of Mumbai happens to be learned society which deals with the Asian studies. It was founded by Sir James Mackintosh with an intention of promoting knowledge that is useful.

Global Vipassana Pagoda

The Global Vipassana Pagoda happens to be a Meditation Dome Hall. It has the capacity to fit around 8000 meditators. It was inaugurated by Pratibha Patel, the then President. It is created on a donated land over a peninsula amongst the Arabian Sea and Gorai creek. The Pagoda is built with a purpose to serve harmony and peace.

Elephanta caves

The Elephant Caves is another UNESCO world heritage site in Mumbai. It is a collection of Cave temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. They are located on the Elephant Island in Mumbai Harbour. It consists of few Buddhist stupas, five hindu caves and two Buddhist caves with water tanks.