Home > Indian History > History of India > Direct Action
Direct Action
Direct Action usually refers to the call made by Jinnah to the Muslims of India and makes them aware of the situation that they were facing. This was an alert provision made to the Muslims living in India to be ready for any eventualities in near future.

Share this Article:

Muhammad Ali JinnahDirect Action Day of 14th August 1946 was declared as the day of protest and meetings to propagate the Muslim demand, to explain the Muslim League`s attitude towards Cabinet Mission`s offer and to condemn the conduct of Congress. To the Muslims it appeared that the government by inviting the Congress to form the Interim Government had broken with the past tradition of protecting the Muslims who had trusted the British during the Civil Disobedience and Second World War. The city of Calcutta (now Kolkata) saw the fierce days of riots. In Kolkata the day began with public demonstrations, closing of shops and hoisting of Muslim League flag.

Background of Direct Action
Direct Action Day came at the backdrop of the dissatisfaction which was evoked by the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. As the mission invited the Congress to form the Interim Government, it at the same time threatened the Muslims league of their political stability and their relevance in placing the demand for a separate independent nation called Pakistan. On 16th June the Mission under the pressure of the League placed another proposal of creating two nations with one as Hindu majority while the other as Muslim majority state which was summarily rejected by the Indian National Council. This provoked Muhammad Ali Jinnah who decided to boycott the Constituent Assembly and go for a declaration of Direct action day on 14th August 1946.

On July 1946 Jinnah in a press conference declared his positive intention to demand the creation of Pakistan, on whose rejection he boycotted the Constituent Assembly and refused to participate in the Interim Government. He further asserted that the League was preparing to launch a protest with mass participation and if the league is not granted its demand for Pakistan it will then launch Direct Action all over the country. On16th August 1946, Jinnah declared the day as a Direct Action Day which was intended to unfold direct action in achieving Pakistan. This formed the base of the fiercest communal atmosphere which engulfed the entire nation in a year before India gained complete Independence.

Communal Tension and Riots of Calcutta
Communal tensions and followed up riots were the immediate reaction of Jinnah`s speech for Direct Action. The most affected was the city of Calcutta where the mixed population of both the Hindus and Muslim were at direct conflict with each other. The riots were provoked through the well known public meeting addressed by the then Bengal Chief Minister Huseyn Suravardy and his assistant Khwaja Nazimmudin. This provoked the whole mass of Muslim population who slaughtered Hindus including the innocents who had nothing to do with the high level politics. The toll of riots were stretched from all corners of Calcutta including north, south and central which marked the biggest bloodshed ever taken place in India. The riots ultimately came to a halt after the Viceroy deployed 5 battalion of British and 4 battalions of Gurkha soldiers on 21st August 1946.

Reaction of Hindus
Hindus, on the other hand, to protect themselves and to resist the Muslim crowd purchased arms and ammunitions from the American soldiers during the war which were being used. Acid bombs were manufactured and stored in the Hindu owned factories and the Hindu blacksmiths were prepared to manufacture spearheads and other weapons.

Reaction of Direct action day
Direct Action Day was condemned heavily from all corners of the country. As an immediate reaction of the provocative speech delivered by Jinnah, series of riots engulfed the nation from many areas. The riots also rolled over to surrounding areas of United Provinces, Bihar and other parts of West Bengal like Noakhali. Inspite the severe brutality this event could not condemn the League and restrict its political ambitions. On the contrary it gave way to the League which was able to mark its political importance.

Thus, the riots which followed after the call of Jinnah for a direct action was one of the bitter experiences of Indian freedom struggle. The Great Calcutta Killing was the most shocking and alarming which shattered the nation and particularly Kolkata for ages.


Share this Article:

Subscribe to Newsletter
Learn unknown facts about India from a curated list of informative articles.

Related Articles

More Articles in History of India

History of Indian Drama
History of Indian Drama is rich with Vedas and Indian epics and has gradually changed with time and remains unaffected by any foreign influence.
History of Khajuraho Temple
Located in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh, Khajuraho is country’s most magnificent groups of temples.
History of Ayurveda
History of Ayurveda dates back to 5,000 years old and is widely considered to be the oldest form of health care in the world.
History of Uttar Pradesh
The state was the heart of Mahabharata war and the history of Uttar Pradesh is very much the history of India. The place finds its mentions in Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
History of Indian Photography
An overview of the development of photography, through the various stages in India.
History of Delhi
History of Delhi began with the advent of Indian regal dynasties. Delhi witnessed the rise and fall of Hindu dynasties, Muslims and the British as well.
History of Indian Radio
History of Indian Radio dates back to late 1930s with the first establishment of All India Radio in 1936 that improved further after independence.
History of Punjab
History of Punjab dates back to the 16th century; however its formation is traced in the great epic Mahabharata.
History Of Archaeology In India
History of archaeology in India contributes a lot to define the past history and the social life of India.
History of Maharashtra
Maharashtra, the land of charismatic Marathas, unfolds the legend of diverse culture and tradition, keeping in pace with the modernity. The gallant history of Maharashtra is still echoed amidst its historical relics and archeological wonders.
History of Kerala
History of Kerala can be interpreted from the inscriptions of Ashoka, Mauryan Emperor. History of Kerala is as interesting as its wide-ranging geographical features that make the land a place of versatile appeal.
History of Bihar
History of Bihar goes back to the very dawn of the human civilizations. Many eminent personalities and leaders from Bihar contributed for India’s freedom struggle.
History of Assam
In the ancient Indian epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, Assam was known as `Kamarupa` or `Pragjyotish`. In the Mahabharata, the Puranas, the Tantras there are references of Assam as Kamrupa kingdom.
History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands dates back to the settlement of the East India Company in the territory of the Islands.
History of West Bengal
History of West Bengal is rooted in richness and is an important episode in the history of India. The history of Bengal played an important role in shaping the history of India.
History of Jharkhand
One of the fairly newer states, Jharkhand was carved out of the southern portion of Bihar in 2000. The history of Jharkhand is seeped with a variety of cultural significances starting from the Vedic era to Mughal period and finally the British administration.
History of Sikkim
History of Sikkim declares the pre historic culture and the colonial era hilly politics and the rules of Sikkim.
History of Nagaland
The history of Nagaland mainly revolves around and deals with the customs and economic activities of the Naga Tribes and how the state has evolved since the Indian Independence.
History of Mizoram
History of Mizoram includes the various historical events and incidents which occurred during the various ages, right from before the age of the Mughals.
History of Jammu & Kashmir
History of Jammu and Kashmir involves a series of political and geographical transformations from every ancient era to the modern times also. Even now, Jammu and Kashmir has its political tension between Pakistan and India.
History of Puducherry
Puducherry was invaded by different invaders in different times. The invaders include Pallava Kingdom of Kanchipuram, dynasties of the South, Cholas of Thanjavur, Pandyas and Muslim invaders.
History of Chandigarh
In 1947, the British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Punjab was also included in this partition. So, there was a need for a new capital for Punjab, as the old capital Lahore became part of Pakistan during the partition. So, in 1948, under the leadership of chief architect Mr. P.L. Verma the construction of Chandigarh city began.
History of Daman and Diu
During the early stage, i.e. from 8th to 13th century, Daman and Diu was part of Goa.
History of Lakshadweep
History of Lakshadweep defines the first settlement on these islands under the Union Territory of India that was ruled by Cheraman Perumal, who was the last king of Kerala.
History of Karnataka
History of Karnataka comprised of the different rulers of different dynasties of various religions like Hindus, Buddhists, and later the Muslims.
History of Goa
History of Goa dates back to the 3rd century BC and reflects the rule of the mighty rulers and gained its independence under Jawaharlal Nehru.
History of Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh possesses a rich historical heritage of culture of the ancient tribes. Being a bordering state of India, Arunachal Pradesh also has a history of military unrest since ancient Indian age.
History of Andhra Pradesh
History of Andhra Pradesh traces its origin back to the 5th century BC. According to the inscriptions, Kuberaka, the oldest Kingdom in South India had an empire in the coastal Andhra during that period.
History of Himachal Pradesh
History of Himachal Pradesh narrates about the various settlements and dynasties that emerged in the region over time.
History of Uttarakhand
History of Uttarakhand finds mention in the early Hindu scriptures as Kedarkhand, Manaskhand and Himavat. Uttarakhand is called as the Land of the Gods (Dev Bhoomi) because of its various holy places and shrines.
History of Rajasthan
The history of Rajasthan is dotted with tales of valor, chivalry, camaraderie and romance.
History of Tamil Nadu
History of Tamil Nadu reveals that this ancient place in South India was ruled by various kingdoms like the Pandyas Dynasty, Cholas Dynasty, Nayakas Dynasty and Pallavas Dynasty.
History of Haryana
History of Haryana depicts various events and influences that have cast a profound effect on the culture and people of the district. The place gained statehood on 1st of November 1966
History of Odisha
History of Odisha goes back a rather long way. Most of the history of the state is replete with the dynastic as well as tribal struggle for territorial superiority. Odisha is a place where one can find the religion, culture and history flow in away that lead to cultural amalgamation of early India.
History of Manipur
History of Manipur can be traced back to the prehistoric ages and this was followed by a number of rulers who reigned the land from age to age till it came under British rule and later joined the union of India.
History of Gujarat
History of Gujarat can be dated back to the 14th century that later witnessed the supremacy of many powerful dynasties.
History of Tripura
History of Tripura is dealing with the early mythological history and the history of British rule in North eastern part of India.
History of Meghalaya
The history of Meghalaya predominantly comprises of the three tribes of the state- Garo, Khasi and Jaintia tribes. Later on Meghalaya was formed by carving out two districts from the state of Assam.
History of Chhattisgarh
History of Chhattisgarh dates back to the era of epics and traces through the reign of powerful dynasties in India like Marathas. The area developed a rich cultural heritage during British era.