![]() Subaktagin, a Turkish slave, ruled nearly all the present territories of Afghanistan and of the Punjab. In 997, Mahmud, the son of Subaktagin, succeeded his father and with him Ghazni and the Yamini dynasty have become perpetually associated. It was after Mahmud that the dynasty was named. He established his supremacy over North India and set up tributary states. He established his authority from the borders of Kurdistan to Samarkand and from the Caspian Sea to the Yamuna River. The wealth brought back to Ghazni from the Indian expeditions was massive. Mahmud died in 1030. Mahmud's son Masud was unable to keep the empire intact. He had to face a defeat at the Battle of Dandanaqan and lost all the Ghaznavid lands in Iran and Central Asia to the Seljuks. Masud was succeeded by his son Ibrahim who re-established a truncated empire by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuks and also by restoring cultural and political linkages. ![]() Ibrahim, for instance, led many expeditions against Indian chiefs and conquered Tabarhindah (modern Sirhind), Dhangan, Jalandhar and other regions. In 1075 AD he appointed his son Mahmud as the governor of the Punjab. Mahmud led an expedition into India, and conquered Agra by defeating its chief Jaipal. Kannauj, which was ruled by the Rashtrakuta family, passed into his hands. He next invaded Ujjain, but was repulsed by the Paramara ruler, Lakshmadeva. Mahmud also attacked the Fort of Kalanjara, which was then ruled by the Chandela ruler, Kirtti Varman. Mahmud's expeditions against the Indian chiefs were similar to plundering raids. Later it was Masud or Alauddaulah Masud III who succeeded Ibrahim in 1099 AD. In a spree to conquer the neighbouring regions, Hajib Tughatigin, an officer under the Sultan, attacked Kannauj and imprisoned Gahadavala Madanachandra. Madanachandra's son Govindachandra defeated the Muslims, and secured the release of his father. Sultan Bahram Shah was the last ruler of Ghazni, the first and main Ghaznavid capital. Ala-ud-din Hussain, a Ghori King, conquered the city of Ghazni. Ghaznavids reinstated Ghazni by the intervention of the Seljuks. Ghaznavid power in northern India continued until the conquest of Lahore from Khusrau Malik. The Ghaznavid Empire controlled much of present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India. They launched Islam into Hindu dominated India. The Yamini dynasty also benefited from their position as a mediator along the trade routes between China and the Mediterranean. They were unable to hold power for long and the Seljuks had taken over their Persian domains and a century later they took over their remaining lands. |
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Yamini Dynasty