Home > Indian History > Indian Literature > Punjabi Drama
Punjabi Drama
Punjabi drama is a combination of both Sanskrit as well as western plays, though the influence of English drama is seen more. The advent of properly structured and successful dramas is said to have started with the works of Ishwar Chander Nanda.

Share this Article:

Punjabi DramaPunjabi drama has always been a mixture of the elements of English as well as Sanskrit drama. However, the impact of English drama, especially of Shakespeare, has been greater than that of traditional Sanskrit drama. In fact, Sanskrit drama and poetics, though they flourished in this land in ancient times, ironically, did not have much influence in shaping the drama developed in the twentieth century.

The writing of Punjabi plays had already started in the early part of the twentieth century. Some of the playwrights and works during this time include Bhai Vir Singh (Raja Lakhdata Singh, 1910), Kirpa Sagar (Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Dido Jamval), Bawa Budh Singh (1878-1931) (Chander Hart and Mundri Chhall (The Magical Ring)), Charan Singh (1853-1908) (Rani Sarab Kaur), Gurbax Singh Barrister (Mohan Bhaia, 1912), Brij Lai Shastri (Puraan Natak, 1919, Partigya, Vasva Datta, 1925). However, the first successful plays in Punjabi which was written in a realistic style along the lines of Western drama was by Ishwar Chander Nanda (1892-1966). His predecessors did follow models of Sanskrit plays, but Nanda started writing under the direct influence of Western drama. He came in contact with Norah Richards and Philips E. Richards of Dayal Singh College, Lahore, during his student days and started writing short plays in Punjabi. Dulhan (The Bride) and Bebe Ram Bhajni were Nanda`s two one-act plays, which pioneered modern Punjabi drama.

Nanda`s first one-act-play was staged in 1914, and his full-length play Subhadra was published in 1920. He has written two other full-length plays, War Gharjan Lily da Viah (1938) and Social Circle (1953), and a Punjabi adaptation of Shakespeare`s Merchant of Venice entitled Shamu Shah (1928). Besides these, he wrote over a dozen one-act plays, published in two collections, Jhalkare (Reflections, 1949) and Lishkare (Flashes, 1956).

The main themes of Nanda`s plays were the various social problems of the day. In Subhadra, he deals with the problem of widow remarriage; in Var Ghar Jan Lily da Viyah, he contrasts love marriage and arranged marriage; and in Social Circle, he portrays the urban, middle-class elite who arrange their "social meets" merely to promote their narrow commercial interests.

The most important contribution of Nanda`s plays is that, with them, Punjabi drama is freed from religious and mythological themes. He propagated new values through young men and women educated in schools and colleges. That is why he highlights mutual conflict between the two generations of the Punjabi middle class. To Nanda`s credit, while adopting Western techniques of drama, he made full use of the folk theater tradition of Punjab, blending the two in a brilliant pattern. His presentation of marriage scenes, religious ceremonies, superstitions, the ignorance of the village folks, folk songs and folk dances, and so on invests his plays with a Punjabi character.

Punjabi DramaThe later playwrights of Punjabi drama were greatly influenced by Nanda. They were the ones responsible for shaping the future Punjabi drama into a theater moulded and motivated by Western drama on realistic lines. Those who followed him included Joshua Fazal-ud-din (1903-73), Harcharan Singh (1914), Sant Singh Sekhon (1908), Balwant Gargi (1916), and a few others. The writers who were almost contemporaries of Nanda were Gurbakhsh Singh Preet Lari (1895-1978), Mohan Singh Dewana (1899-1984), Harcharan Singh, Gurdial Singh Khosla (1912), Roshan Lai Ahuja (1904-87), and Gurdial Singh Phul (1911-88).

It may be noted that some of the writers of this generation were writing in other genres, and so drama and theater was not their stronghold. They were primarily writing drama only for enriching this form also; otherwise, they distinguished themselves in other forms of literature. For example, Dewana gained fame in poetry and literary scholarship, Gurbakhsh Singh in prose, and Sant Singh Sekhon in fiction and literary criticism, but a few of them devoted themselves wholeheartedly to drama. Except for Sant Singh Sekhon, most of these playwrights contributed to the growth of popular drama nurtured by Harcharn Singh. It was taken forward by Gurdial Singh Khosla, Roshan Lai Ahuja, and Gurdial Singh Phul, all playwrights of the first generation. These playwrights wrote on contemporary social, historical, and mythological themes. The dramatization of Sikh cultural ethos was also a favorite subject of these playwrights. The defining feature of these playwrights was their farcical or melodramatic impact, which did not rise above the level of Ram Lila performances. The various plays of this generation gained great popularity with the audience and their art remained untouched by modernism.


Share this Article:

Related Articles

More Articles in Indian Literature


Mythological Themes in Indian Literature
Mythological themes in Indian literature have been integral to every ancient and contemporary writer and their path to f
Literature under Delhi Sultanate
Literature during the period of Delhi Sultanate was produced not only in Persian and Sanskrit but also in other regional languages.
Epics in Tamil Literature
Epics in Tamil Literature refer to the Five Great Epics namely Cilappatikaram, Manimekalai, Valayapathi, Civaka Cintamani and Kundalakesi. There are also the Five Lesser Epics in Tamil Literature.
Literature During Gupta Age
It is during the Gupta Age literature in the form of poetry, epos and drama gained a colossal importance.
Post-Sangam Age in Tamil literature
Post-Sangam age in Tamil literature basically saw the tremendous rise of Hindu saintly literary treatises in two sects.
Epics in Sanskrit Literature
Epics in Sanskrit Literature are the store house of historical knowledge and the providers of knowledge about Indian philosophies and thought.
Literature of Aravidu Dynasty
Sanskrit and Telugu were the popular literary medium of communication during Aravidu dynasty.
Indian Literature in archaic Indian Language
Indian Literature, accredited as one of the antique literature of the world is the confluence of different beiefs .
Renaissance in Bengali Literature
Renaissance in Bengali literature was the first structured gestation of the modern trends in Bengali literature.
Renaissance in Indian Literature
Renaissance in Indian Literature has brought and culminated towards several significant changes in the overall writing styles and patterns. With the renaissance in Indian literature, readership has enlarged with a literary and education explosion.
Renaissance in Hindi Literature
The renaissance in Hindi literature crafted a whole fresh diction to the Hindi literary works with its poise and rhythm.
Indian Literature in Modern Age
Indian Literature in Modern Age is the literary insurgency that is marked by several idealistic revolutions and the effect of globalization, and socio-economic as well as cultural changes.
Playwrights in Tamil Literature
Playwrights in Tamil Literature such as Cankaratas Cuvamikal, Ilatcumana Pillai and Pammal Campanta Mudaliar have written several works for the development Tamil plays and drama.
Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore, a renowned poet, was honoured the Nobel Prize for Literature for the famous ‘Gitanjali’ and wrote the national anthem.