![]() The fundamental principle of pratatyasamutpada and the Twelve Nidanas is to see the conditioned causal connection of each state that supports the next in the cycle of one's life as one suffers in Samsara. It is explained thoroughly in the Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosa, the central text of the Mahavira commentarial tradition. ![]() Like many of the techniques and theories incorporated in the Visuddhimagga and other commentarial works, the Twelve Nidana analysis was meant to be used as one of many techniques available to a student of meditation, and its form reflects both the requirements and experiences of Buddhist meditation practitioners. The chain of twelve phenomena leading to future births and suffering was diversely presented by the Buddha; Buddhaghosa narrates four methods - working from 'bottom to top', working from the 'middle to the top', working from 'top to bottom', and working from the 'middle to the source'. The first method starts with ignorance and goes on to illness, old age, and death. The second method starts with attachment and goes on to birth. The third method starts with birth and moves back to ignorance. The fourth method starts with attachment and goes on to ignorance. The twelve nidanas are as follows: Avidya (Sanskrit) or Avijja (Pali); English "ignorance". Avidya is ignorance of Four Noble Truths, Three marks of existence, Five Skandhas, Karma, and Pratatyasamutpada. This is the chief cause of dukkha (suffering dissatisfaction, pain, uneasiness, etc.) ![]() Samskara (Sanskrit) or Sankhara (Pali); English "(mental) formations". Samskara stands for Mental Formations and Volitional Will. It is also the Mental constructs, based on a non-existent "I" or "Self". Vijnana (Sanskrit) or Vinnna (Pli); English "(dualistic) consciousness". Vijnana stands for thevVarious states of consciousness. Namarupa (Sanskrit and Pai); English "name and form". Namarupa can be broken into N?ma, the naming activity of the discursive mind and R?pa its attendant form, without which mind cannot exist. It is also the developing of an internal representation of external objects. Sadayatana (Sanskrit) or Salayatana (Pali); English "six sense gates". The six senses comprise eye-seeing, ear-hearing, nose-smelling, tongue-taste, skin-touch, mind-thought. Apart from the five senses which one is familiar with, in Buddhism, the sixth sense is the mind, and the object of mind is thought. Sadayatana refers distinctively to the six sense organs. ![]() Sparsa (Sanskrit) or Phassa (Pali); English "contact". Sparsa stands for contact between the eye and tree, between the ear and drum, nose and perfume, tongue and salt, skin and cut, mind and thought. Vedana (Sanskrit and Pli); Eng. "sensation". Sensation refers to the quality of feeling. One has to judge about it being pleasant, unpleasant or neutral. Trsna (Sanskrit) or Tanha (Pali); English "craving" or "desire" or "thirst". Desire is sometimes distinguished as the cause of suffering - a constant dissatisfaction or annoyance. One feels compelled by this feeling of desire, for instance, when thirst compels one to seek water. Fixation - Man has formed a mental version of the object or event, and one fixates on that, choosing one's own internal version over external reality. ![]() Bhava (Sanskrit and Pali), English "becoming". Bhava is the steps or actions taken to recreate, that which was hungered or desired in step eight above Trsna. The thirst/desire, in addition to one's fixation, has now picked up momentum. Jati (Sanskrit and Pali); English "birth". Jati stands for bearing fruit of the former ten steps. That which was desired and conditioned now comes to be. Jaramarana (Sanskrit and Pai); English "aging (old age), decay and death". Jaramarana states that, that which is born, dies. All conditions, all experiences must come to an end. |
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