As early as 800 B.C., i.e, at the time when the Yajur veda was composed, glass craft was very popular. Female ornaments were made. It is evident from the archaeological findings at Basti in UP that glassware is about 2000 years old. The way glass is prepared transformed into various shapes is remarkable. When in the molten state it flows and then is quickly blown and moulded. Innovations in style and utility of glass continue to this day. From dιcor items to microwave safe dishes, the possibilities are innumerable. The duality in its nature gives it a kind of impressive charm; it could be opaque or transparent, clear or colored and strong but delicate. During the Mughal reign, glass articles with floral engravings, like bowls, tumblers and bottles for perfumes became popular. Large chandeliers, which were made by blowing technique during the mughal period are still popular.
Glass was extensively used during Mughal times for articles like bowls, tumblers, bottles for perfumes etc. The engravings on glass were mainly of delicate foliage patterns. Now a days, glass bangles have a tremendous demand. Aligarh specializes in glass bangles without joint, Ferozabad has a long tradition of making vast range of colour bangles and blow glass chandeliers. Decorative designs on the glass products are created just by the fusion of variety of glasses. Artisans at Agra are skilled in this technique. These days borosil glass is also being extensively used for making of bells as it gives better resonance sound. Icons of the Hindu gods and goddesses in transparent borosil glass are attracting a large export market
Glass beads articles include necklaces, earrings, rings, belts, bands of necklaces, head bands, mostly of white, red and black colour, worn by women. Craftsman now also combine glass beads with other materials like wood shell, rudraksha, copper and white metal to produce more attractive designs.
Procedure of making Glass Products
A furnace filled with powdered glass is fired. On melting of glass to a thick viscous liquid, it is taken up on the hook of an iron rod. The molten glass on the hook of iron rod is wound round the sinkh held in left hand. A ring is made by winding round the sinkh. It is cooled and detached with a gentle blow of a narrow iron bar. A pointed rod carrying this ring becomes thinner and larger when rotated. On reaching a considerable size, this ring is transferred to the kalbut, and is rotated again. It is cooled till a desired size is attained. Fine rods/ scraps of glass is melted in the furnace are taken on the hook of an iron rod and drawn like a wire. These wires are twisted and laid on the rims of bangles. This ornamentation is done while the bangle/beads are in the furnace. Coating of lac, gold, silver foils are also used for ornamentation. Another technique of making glass figures etc. does not involve the use of the furnace. Instead a lamp with the blue Persian flame is used to melt the long glass rods. The artisan with his deft manipulation of the molten glass creates various shapes and forms while keeping the glass rod on or near the flame. Several items thus created are joined, again by the heating and cooling process of the glass to create larger forms.
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